Problem 11-27

Hint:

a. the expression "directly related" also means "proportional"
According to Raoult's law, the higher the solvent proportion in a solution, the higher the vapor pressure of the system

b. At 0℃, both water and ice have the same vapor pressure (4.6 mmHg). Yes! ice (a solid) also has a vapor pressure.

c. Colligative properties are a set of properties (T_f, T_b, Π) dependant on vapor pressure. Vapor pressure is affected by the number of moles of solute particles present in the solution.

d. Regardless of the nature of the solute present, anything added to a solvent will decrease its vapor pressure, thereby, increasing the boiling point.